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　　Vibro-Meter (Vibro-Meter SA) is a Swiss professional manufacturer of vibration measurement instruments. Its high-temperature piezoelectric accelerometer series is designed for vibration monitoring in extreme high-temperature and harsh environments such as aircraft engines, gas turbines, and nuclear reactors. The CA28X 144-280-000-116 belongs to the company's high-temperature piezoelectric accelerometer product line and uses piezoelectric single-crystal material as the core sensing element. It features high temperature resistance, small size, light weight, and excellent long-term working stability.

　　I. Core Sensing Element

　　The CA28X 144-280-000-116 uses VC2 type piezoelectric single-crystal material (some high-temperature models also use PZT-based piezoelectric ceramics with a shear-type structure). Its internal structure is a triangular shear type design: the piezoelectric element is firmly clamped to the central pillar of the triangle by a clamping ring. When the sensor is subjected to axial vibration, the piezoelectric element mainly bears shear stress. This structure provides excellent isolation from base deformation and temperature changes, while possessing a high natural frequency and good linearity, making it the most mainstream configuration for high-temperature piezoelectric accelerometers.

　　II. Structural Form

　　It adopts a triangular shear type structure. The piezoelectric element is firmly clamped to the central pillar of the triangle by a clamping ring. When the accelerometer senses axial vibration, the piezoelectric element bears shear stress rather than normal force. This structure provides excellent isolation from base bending deformation and temperature changes, while possessing a high natural frequency and excellent linearity. Compared to the compression structure, the shear type has less temperature drift in high-temperature environments, making it the most mainstream configuration for high-temperature piezoelectric accelerometers.

　　III. Operating Temperature Range

　　Continuous operating temperature: -54 degrees Celsius to 650 degrees Celsius (approximately -65 degrees Fahrenheit to 1202 degrees Fahrenheit).

　　Special application temperature: -196°C to 777°C (approximately -321°F to 1431°F), covering extreme conditions from liquid nitrogen temperatures to the primary loop of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors.

　　Vibro-Meter high-temperature dedicated connectors have a temperature range of -70°C to 650°C.

　　IV. Main Performance Parameters

　　Sensitivity type: Charge output type, typical sensitivity of 25 picocoulombs per bar (reference value for the CP211 pressure sensor in the same series), accelerometer sensitivity is typically in the range of 1 to 10 picocoulombs per g.

　　Frequency response: 2 Hz to 15000 Hz, ±5% accuracy. Lower cutoff frequency is determined by the paired electronics.

　　Transverse sensitivity: Less than 3% to 5% of the main sensitivity.

　　Dynamic measurement range: Approximately 0.0005 g to several thousand g, peak overload capacity up to 350 g or more.

　　Linearity: Better than ±1% within the dynamic measurement range.

　　Acceleration Sensitivity: Less than 0.0625 pC/g.

　　Shock Withstand Capacity: Less than 2000 g peak (half-sine wave, 1 ms duration).

　　Insulation Resistance: Greater than 10⁹ Ω (room temperature), and still greater than 10⁷ Ω at 300°C.

　　Output Signal: Charge output type (high impedance), requires the use of a charge amplifier or voltage amplifier. Vibro-Meter provides an IPC704 charge amplifier/signal conditioner to effectively reduce the impact of cable capacitance on measurement results.

　　Cable: Mineral insulated (MI) two-conductor cable, high temperature resistant, optional Vibro-Meter high-temperature connector (temperature resistant up to 650°C) or LEMO connector (temperature resistant up to 155°C).

　　Sensor Weight: Approximately 12 g, cable approximately 20 g/m.

　　V. Electrical and Signal Output

　　The output signal is a bipolar charge signal, with electrical insulation between the sensor body and the housing. It requires a charge amplifier (such as the Vibro-Meter IPC704 signal conditioner) to convert the high-impedance charge signal into a low-impedance voltage signal. The advantage of the charge output type is that it is not significantly affected by cable length, making it suitable for high-temperature, long-distance transmission scenarios.

　　VI. Mechanical and Environmental Resistance

　　Shock Acceleration: Can withstand half-sine wave impacts (1 millisecond duration) with a peak value less than 2000g.

　　Radiation Resistance: Unaffected by gamma flux of 10¹¹ erg/gram and neutron flux of 10¹⁸/cm².

　　Corrosion Protection: Utilizes NIMONIC Alloy 90 sealed welding; the cable uses INCONEL Alloy 600, adaptable to high-temperature oxidation and corrosive environments.

　　Weight: Sensor body approximately 12 grams; cable approximately 20 grams per meter, using mineral-insulated MI cable.

　　VII. Certifications and Standards

　　Complies with NRC Guide 1.20 and IEEE 323-1974 standards.

　　Achieves ATEX explosion-proof certification (Ex ib IIC T6 to T790 degrees Celsius Gb), suitable for potentially explosive environments, including European EC type testing, Korean KGS certification, and Russian TR CU certification.

　　Electromagnetic compatibility complies with EN 61000-6-2 and EN 61000-6-4 standards; electrical safety complies with EN 61010-1 standard; environmental protection complies with the RoHS directive.

　　VIII. Typical Application Scenarios

　　Vibration monitoring near the combustion chamber and turbine section of aircraft engines.

　　Vibration measurement in the high-temperature zone of industrial gas turbines.

　　Dynamic pressure and vibration monitoring of the primary loop of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, pressurized water reactors, and boiling water reactors in nuclear power plants.

　　Dynamic stress monitoring of high-temperature pipelines and pressure vessels.

　　IX. Comparison with Other Models in the Same Series

　　CA134: Utilizes VC2 single crystal and a shear-type structure, suitable for the harsh high-temperature environments of aero-engines. It is a classic model in the Vibro-Meter high-temperature series.

　　CA135: Utilizes PZT-based piezoelectric ceramic and a shear-type structure. With a maximum operating temperature of 260 degrees Celsius, it is suitable for medium-high temperature wide-frequency response (5 Hz to 12 kHz) measurements.

　　CA28X 144-280-000-116 is positioned for continuous operation at higher temperature levels. Its core advantages lie in the long-term high-temperature stability provided by the VC2 single crystal material and the natural suppression of temperature drift by the triangular shear structure.

　　Factory Calibration: All Vibro-Meter high-temperature accelerometers undergo dynamic calibration at 1 bar peak, 2 Hz, and 23 degrees Celsius, requiring no further calibration before use.

　　In Vibro-Meter's high-temperature piezoelectric accelerometer product line, the CA134 uses VC2 single-crystal material and is designed for the highest temperature range; the CA135 uses a PZT ceramic shear structure, with a maximum operating temperature of 260°C and a frequency response range of 5 Hz to 12 kHz; the CA28X 144-280-000-116 is positioned for wider frequency response measurement needs at even higher temperature levels and is one of the company's core sensors for aero-engine health management systems.

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